• 202,000,000 metric tons of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (4 percent of the national total or the equivalent of the exhaust emitted from 44 million cars).
• 1,300,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide (7 percent of the national total).
• 600,000 metric tons (4 percent of the national total).

Lifespan (hrs) 1000 10,000

1. Incandescent bulb lasts 1,000 hours; Compact Fluorescent bulb lasts10,000 hours.

Financial costs:

1. What is the cost of 10,000 hours of light using incandescent? _____________________

Hint: ($4.30 bulbs + $36.00 energy)

2. What is the cost of 10,000 hours of light using compact fluorescents? _______________

3. The Incandescent bulb uses_____% more electrical energy than the compact fluorescent bulb.

4. The Incandescent light produces _____% more carbon dioxide than the compact fluorescent lamp.

5. The Incandescent light produces_____% more nitrogen oxides than compact than the fluorescent lamp.

6. List a problem associated with increasing amounts of carbon dioxide CO2 in the environment:

_______________________________________________________________________

7. List three problems associated with increasing amounts of sulfur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen oxides NOx in the environment:

1.______________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________

By now you already know a lot more about energy than most people. In terms of energy, many of us think about energy the same we do as with death and taxes, as unavoidable fixed costs of living. Energy costs are neither unavoidable nor are they fixed. You already know that to buy light there is the cost of the light bulb and the cost of the energy it takes to run the light. According to the EPA, fluorescent lamps, even though they are very efficient when compared to incandescent lamps have large energy costs. In fact, 90% of the cost of fluorescent light is energy, 6% of the cost is in the materials of the lamp, 3% in the labor to produce the lamp, and 1% in recycling costs. Fortunately, new technology has dramatically improved the efficiency of fluorescent lights from about 45% to over 90% in some cases.

Energy Costs in the Future

Question:

Based on what you have read, seen on television, or have heard from others what do you think energy prices, in dollars $$, are likely to do in the future?

_____ stay the same

_____ go up

_____ go down

Identify the reasons why energy costs may go up such as adding the cost of externalities (pollution clean up, de-acidification of lakes, etc) to the rate people pay; increased demands; increased costs of production and why energy costs may go down such as advances in technology, changes in consumer behavior, etc.

Buildings are like "leaky boats" in that the air you have heated or cooled tends to leak to the outside environment whenever there is a temperature difference. The temperature difference however is why you heated or cooled the air in the first place! The factors which influence heat loss and heat gain from a building include how it is oriented to the sun, its surroundings and design features such as size and placement of windows, the materials insulating the walls and ceilings, the infiltration (how much air leaks into and out of the building), and energy using equipment in the building such as lights, computers, fans, space and water heaters etc..

Heat Loss. Heat travels through three mechanisms; conduction, convection, and radiation.

Convection: Heat transfer through convection occurs when the hot or cool air moves from one space into another. As air leaks into a building, infiltration, or out of a building, exfiltration, it takes with it whatever energy it contains. Infiltration refers to the passage of outside air into a building through cracks around windows and door jambs, doors and windows left open or broken, and outside air dampers that do not close tight. Being in a building is like being in a leaking boat. You have to bail water as fast as the water enters or you sink. The bigger the hole, the faster you must bail, and bailing is work! In buildings, during winter months, the cool outside air entering the building must be heated. During summer, warm outside air entering the building may be cooled; many schools which in the past haven’t operated in the summer generally were not air conditioned. In buildings that are occupied throughout the year, infiltration causes heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter. In many cases additional energy must be used to humidify (add water vapor), dehumidify (remove water vapor) or filter the outside air. When warm air enters an air conditioned space money is leaking out; when cold air enters a heated space, money is leaking out. It takes energy ($) to both heat and cool indoor spaces.

Energized, non-energized, and human systems all affect infiltration. If a building's air handling system maintains a positive or negative air pressure in the building (interior air pressure differs from exterior pressure); then the mechanical air handling system is itself creating forces that bring outside air into the building. In home with ducted furnace systems, researchers have recently found that leaks in the ducts increase home heating requirements by about 25% on an average. Non-energized systems are involved because the condition of the building's exterior envelope, doors, windows, etc. determines the number, size and location of infiltration points. Human systems are involved because people are responsible for leaving windows and doors open, as well as for observing, reporting and correcting cracks or broken windows.

Conduction is how heat is transferred through a solid. Physically, it can be thought of as the motion of one molecule being transferred to an adjoining molecule. Thermal barriers are used to slow this transfer down and are defined as materials that slow heat flow such as a strip of non-conducting material (i.e. wood, vinyl, or foam rubber) that separates inside and outside surfaces and slows conduction of heat to the outside. The conductance of any material is measured by R and U Values. An R-Value is the resistance of an object to heat flow, the higher the value the more resistance to heat flow. A U Value is a coefficient expressing the thermal conductance of an object or a composite structure (i.e. wall or window) in BTUs per square foot per hour per degree F temperature difference. In buildings you want to have large R-Values and low 'U' Values to reduce heat flow.

Have you ever touched single pane glass in the winter on a cold day? Did you notice that the glass felt cold? If you touched the wall you noticed it was not as cold as the glass. Which had greater thermal conductivity?

_____ the wall _____ the glass

Why does metal at 0o C feel colder than wood at 0o C?

Radiation is the transfer of energy through electro-magnetic radiation; a good example is the transfer of heat from the sun to earth. The amount of heat loss or gain occurring through conduction and radiation depends on a number of factors including the temperature difference between two objects or inside and outside. Heat is always transmitted from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. Unless "pumped" uphill through the application of work (like in a heat pump and refrigerator), heat always flows "downhill", from higher to lower temperature. Accordingly, during winter, heat flows from the inside to the outside. During summer the process reverses. Heat flow is similar to diffusion. Particles of matter (atoms or molecules) will diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Water molecules (H20) will diffuse (move from high concentration to low concentration) through a semi-permeable membrane, a process called osmosis. For example, you can smell perfume in a room because once it is released (an area of high concentration) it diffuses to the areas of low concentration (where you are standing).

Question

John and Karen were off the Oregon coast in a small boat fishing.

The boat capsized. It looks like it may take several hours before they are spotted.

If they had wet suits available should they put them on?

___ Yes, they must reduce heat flow from their bodies to retard hypothermia.

___ No, it will take more energy to put them on than they will save.

Efficiency is defined as the proportion of usable energy that remains after each step of a transfer process. If each part of a system worked as efficiently as possible, the least amount of energy required to get the job done would be used. Although it is seldom achieved, this ideal is the ultimate goal of any energy management program and of this school project. There three methods of reducing energy use: (1) reduce the use of the system, (2) use the system more wisely, and (3) make the system more efficient.

Here is another example using cars: three methods can be used to reduce the energy consumption of a typical automobile. The first method is to drive the car less. It is a good approach if the car is used more than it is needed. Simply put, it suggests that cars don't use gasoline if you don't drive them. The second method considers driving habits such as driving the car at 50 MPH (the most efficient speed), avoiding panic stops and accelerating carefully. These behaviors relate to human habits and are similar to turning off unnecessary lights and closing exterior doors and windows when the heat or air conditioning is on. The third method ensures that all systems in the car that affect energy consumption are operating as efficiently as possible. Radial tires generally give better gas mileage than non-radials because of reduced rolling resistance. An engine with a plugged fuel injector or misfiring spark plug will use considerably more gasoline than one that is operating properly. Tires inflated to the correct pressure give better gas mileage than under-inflated ones. The exterior finish of the car, when waxed and smooth, has less wind resistance than one which is comparatively rough, and less wind resistance means the engine works less and more efficiently.

The function of an energy audit is to expose all the different ways in which energy consumption is affected and to create numerous options (choices) -- some more effective than others -- that can be implemented to reduce energy consumption. This means identifying numerous potential energy savings options then picking and choosing among those options to reduce consumption in a manner that is most compatible with the time, people, and budget available. Identifying sources of energy loss, then choosing alternatives to save energy is the goal of an energy audit.

Question: Amy owns a 1981 Toyota Corolla and wants to get better gas mileage. She drives to and from school but not long distances. Should she: (Check one below)

_____ Spend $29.95 for a wax job or

*Note: both of the above will increase efficiency but sometimes increases are large and sometimes they are small. Some are expensive and some are less expensive.

The example above is used to make an important point. Namely, that some energy saving options make sense and others do not. Systems analysts use the concept sub-optimization to describe improving a part of a system that has little effect on the overall performance of the system. For example, putting jeweled wheel bearings on a wheel barrow will not improve the overall performance of the wheel barrow. The energy saved by the slight reduction in wind resistance from the wax job would be hard to even measure whereas driving around town on under-inflated tires will cause substantial reductions in efficiency. Also notice that inflating the tires to the proper pressure cost noting. Later in this workbook you will be asked to think about options in terms of a cost/benefit ratio; simple payback; and the present and future value of money. These are methods to answer the question "is it worth it?"

Although a building is obviously different than a car, the basic principles remain the same. Maximum energy savings can be achieved by considering all of the options and the way these different options impact each other, the potential benefit versus the cost, and numerous other factors. It should be stressed, however, that maximum energy savings come from maximum efficiency. Using an untuned car less does not make it more efficient. However, if the car is driven less and driven well, and kept in tune, the least amount of energy ($$) is consumed each time the car is used.

Fossil evidence suggests that the most recent form of our species, Homo-Sapiens Sapiens, has lived on Earth for only about 40,000 years, a brief instant in the planet's estimated 4.6 billion year existence. During most of this time, we survived as nomadic hunter gatherers. More recently, the Agricultural Revolution (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and the Industrial Revolution (155 years ago) radically changed our relationship with the planet's resources. Both of these revolutions increased the amount of energy available to man. The Agricultural Revolution freed man from relentlessly roving to search for food (energy) and allowed communities and civilizations to form. The Industrial Revolution began in England with the development of the steam engine in the 1840s. It enabled the use of energy from fossil fuels (coal) to power new technologies applied to food production and manufacturing. Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been an enormous increase in the average direct and indirect energy use per person in all developed countries.

Energy Used Per Person at Various Stages of Human Culture Development

Notice in the table above that the average energy consumption of each of us in the United States is 230,000 Kilocalories per day while the rest of the developed world uses only 125,000 Kilocalories per day. In other words, we are using almost twice as much energy per person than people who live in countries like Germany and England. So what? We are finding that not only does energy cost money (we have always known that), but that many of the byproducts of energy production are destroying the environment and damaging our health.

The United States is the world's largest user of energy, with only 4.7% of the world's population, we use 25% of the world's commercial energy. It is breathtaking to consider that you, me and the other Americans use 230,000 Kilocalories per person per day. Since the average person eats about 2,500 to 3,000 Kilocalories per day this amount of energy represents what it takes to sustain about ninety two people!

You are using and giving off energy every minute of the day. For example, your body continuously gives off heat equal to that of a 100-watt light bulb or, a hectowatt. The energy that you use to power your body (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) comes from the sun. Green plants can transform energy from sunlight to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis. In brief, photosynthesis is called an endergonic reaction, it takes energy. Plants can combine carbon dioxide (an atmospheric gas) with water using energy from the sun to produce glucose. Plants can take glucose and make virtually everything they need including proteins, starches, fats, and waxes.

Products of Photosynthesis (6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2)

How Fossil Fuel is Currently Used

Most of the energy we use exists in the form of chemical energy (fossil fuels) that was stored millions of years ago. Because it takes so long to naturally convert plant material to these resources it is referred to as nonrenewable. The main forms of fossil fuel that power industrial nations consist of oil, coal, and natural gas. Other forms of energy, such as the energy in the food you eat, comes from ongoing or recent conversion of sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis. Since these processes occur over a relatively short time period they are considered renewable.

Energy can also be obtained from nuclear fission reactions. Again because of concern for the environment people are increasingly looking to other alternatives for future energy resources. This includes wind (a solar resource), geothermal (using some of the heat from inside the earth), biomass (the use of plants), tidal energy, direct conversion of sunlight to heat or electricity, or instead of producing more we can learn how to use the energy we produce more efficiently; doing more with less.

A simple way to visualize the First and Second law of thermodynamics is to see yourself as a farmer on a ten-acre plot. You and your partner have two children. Assume that you can grow enough corn to produce the 10,000 Calories per day your family will need. That's about 2500 Calories per person so no one in the family is getting fat. What if you develop a taste for fried chicken? Because a loss of energy occurs with each energy transfer, you will have a problem.

Average Energy Transfer in Food Chain

Notice that only about 10% of the energy in the corn ended up in chickens and only 10% of the energy in chickens ended up in hogs. If you answered the question above, you noticed that feeding the hogs to fish in a pond made matters even worse in terms of energy. Where did the rest of the energy go? Because of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, approximately 90% of the energy in a food chain is lost with each transfer, primarily in the form of heat. This type of transfer is like a thousand dollar bill that goes to $100 to $10 to $1 to $.10 (dime) to $.01 (penny).

It is because of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that many of the people in poorer countries are forced to eat low on the food chain where rice, corn, and wheat and other plant products are the primary food staples of the culture. Because it takes sixteen pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat, eating low on the food chain is a matter of survival rather than preference.

Although the Second Law of Thermodynamics mandates that you will always lose in a transfer process; there are some processes that result is less loss than others. Systems of energy transfer where loss is minimized are said to be efficient. Efficiency is simply finding ways to do more with less.

The energy to raise food (a form of stored energy) is not just sunlight. On the modern farm it takes 3 gallons of petroleum to raise a hog and 30 gallons to raise an acre of peanuts.

Most of the coal mined in the United States is burned to generate electricity -- Coal fired power plants are the largest source of electricity in the United States.

If all the electricity used in a typical United States home for a year was provided by coal fired generation, it would use about twenty tons of coal.

Energy is necessary for the work performed by your body. The food you eat is organic, which refers to a molecule that contains the element, carbon. The food that we eat is used for both energy and building blocks for our body. Molecules in food that we use and have nutritive value are grouped into carbohydrates (contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen), fats (contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and proteins (contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen). These organic compounds have different amounts of energy. Proteins and carbohydrates contain about 4 Calories per gram; fats contain about 9 Calories per gram. Recently, the Gallup Poll conducted a study that involved a random survey of 1,004 Americans to find out if they knew how to figure how much fat they were eating. They found that only seven out of one hundred people (7%) could figure how much fat they were eating or how to convert fat grams into fat calories. You can now be in the top 90% of all Americans. On the back of a box of Original Wheat thins there is this information:

Serving size (1/2 oz 8 crackers)

Calories 70

Protein 1 gram = _____ Calories

Carbohydrate 9 grams = ______Calories

fat 3 grams = _______Calories

Question:

What percent of the calories (70) come from fat? ________

Hint: 1 gram of fat=9 calories; 3 grams of fat = 27 calories and 27 is 38.57% of the total.

It probably comes as no surprise that some foods have more energy in them than others. If you were asked to choose between a carrot and a candy bar to select the one that had the most energy, you would probably pick the candy bar, and you would be right. This also holds true for fuel types. For example, if you were heating your home with a woodstove, the type of wood used would make a big difference in heating. You can see that using black locust would provide about twice as much heat as an equivalent volume of basswood.

Fuel Values of Popular Firewood

*From: Residential Energy Auditor Training Manual, 1988. AHP Systems Inc.

There are two types of work performed by your body that use the energy we get from the food we eat: involuntary and voluntary work.

1. Involuntary work (basal Metabolism Rate/BMR)

This is the work done by the body in a fasting state (no food) and at rest. Energy is needed for vital life processes, e.g., breathing, heartbeat and circulation of blood, kidney function and all of the chemical reactions which are constantly taking place in the body. You are spending this energy when you are at complete rest, "doing nothing". All living organisms require energy. In fact, part of the definition of "life" is the ability to metabolize - to convert foods to release the energy necessary for the chemical processes of life.

General factors affecting basal metabolic rate/BMR:

Sex: Males have a higher BMR than females.

Age: BMR is highest during the first year of life and declines with age.

Surface area: The large the surface area to volume, the higher the BMR.

Diet: High protein diets increase BMR

Fever: The rate of energy burned rises 7% with each degree of rise in temperature.

As a general rule if your are a male you require 10.8 Calories (C=kilocalories) per pound of body weight every 24 hours. If you are a female you require approximately 10.5 Calories per pound of body weight every 24 hours.

Exercise: Calculate your Basal Metabolic Rate in Calories.

Male _____________________ X 10.8 = ________________Cal. = BMR

Your weight (lbs)

Female ___________________ X 10.5 = ________________ Cal = BMR

2. Voluntary Work.

All of the energy you need above the resting level is called "voluntary work". You did "voluntary work" when you got up this morning and came to school. You spend energy to contract your muscles to do any activity such as walking or running. The greater your activity level, the more calories you burn.

Your energy requirements depend on your type of activity. The higher the activity level the more calories you burn. This is similar to driving your car -- the faster you drive, the more gas you burn. For example, you burn 30% more gas at 65 miles per hour than at 55 miles per hour. You also burn more gas if you are towing a heavy trailer, driving uphill, or driving against the wind.

Running 4.5 C Bicycling 1.7 C.

Swimming 4.0 C. Typing 1.0 C.

Dancing 2.4 C. Eating a meal 0.7 C.

Walking Rapidly 2.2 C.

A female requires only 86% of the amount of energy required of males. Activities such as those in the table above are how many extra calories you must consume to engage in them without losing weight.

As pointed out, the normal daily energy requirements depend on age, sex, weight, and activity level. The following figures represent the approximate number of calories necessary per day to maintain present weight in a moderately active 25 year-old male and female.

Female: Weight, 128 pounds - 2100 C. (16.4 Cal/lb.)

Male: Weight, 154 pounds - 2900 C. (19 .0 Cal./lb.)

John and Karen like their current weight and do not wish to gain weight (eat more calories than they burn) or lose weight (burn more calories than they eat). How many calories can both eat each day to maintain normal weight? Also figure this out for a male and female at your weight.

John (190 LB)____________Calories; Karen (120 LB)___________Calories.

You (male) ______________Calories (female) ________________Calories.

See what the difference would be if you were a different gender. Why do you think that, pound for pound, females use less energy than males?

The Building Envelope and Interior

Most winter heat loss is through the roof, most summer heat gain is through the walls.

Almost all buildings let air leak in (infiltration) (or out exfiltration). This is the first thing that many people fix.

Caulking: Cracks where neither side is supposed to move are sealed with a material called caulking. Most caulking comes in cartridges. The cartridges fit in an inexpensive "gun" that squeezes the caulking out of a nozzle like toothpaste from a tube. Caulking doesn't last forever. Some last only one or two years, some last more than ten years.

Indoor pollution: As people become more energy conscious and reduce infiltration (ventilation) in a building it becomes more important to be conscious of what is going on inside the building. In every house and building people do things to pollute the air. They smoke tobacco, fry food and glue things together. They use cleaners and polishes that evaporate, and hair sprays and paint. Often they store those items inside the house where they slowly leak their contents into the building. Plastics, particle board and even soil and stone may give off harmful gasses. Is air pollution created inside your school? (art room, shops, laboratories?)

_____ yes ____ No

Conservation Recommendations: Commercial Buildings

Northwest Natural Gas Company

Caulk window and door frames to seal infiltration leaks.

Weather-strip all doors that go from heated to unheated areas.

Install ceiling insulation to current code.

Install floor insulation to current code.

Utilize fluorescent energy saver tubes and/or ballasts when replacement becomes necessary

Convert interior incandescent fixtures to energy efficient fluorescent lighting.

Convert exterior incandescent fixtures to higher efficiency lower wattage lighting sources, such as metal halide, or high or low pressure sodium lamps. Consult a lighting specialist.

Adjust thermostat setting to 68o F in the heating season (winter) and 78o F in cooling season (summer).

Locking covers should be installed on all thermostats.

Timed setback thermostats should be installed to insure proper control of your heating/cooling system.

One person should be given the responsibility for operation and control of the heating/cooling system.

have thermostats and other systems controls inspected and calibrated to ensure proper operation.

Clean or replace the filters on all heating/cooling equipment on a monthly basis.

Inspect heat exchanging devices such as radiators, fin tubes and baseboards on an annual basis.

Repair all leaks in boiler and water lines to reduce heat loss and the need for additional water in the system.

Repair duct system leaks to reduce heat loss and provide a more even distribution of heat.

Outside air should be increased to provide your gas or oil fired heating system with sufficient combustion air.

Insulate warm and cold air ducts in unheated areas.

Clean fan blade cups to ensure that a proper amount of air is being distributed through your system.

Inspect belts for slippage and wear/or proper alignment on a yearly basis.

Reduce water heater thermostat setting to 120o F except where a higher temperature is specifically required.

Insulate hot water pipes in all unheated areas.

Install water flow restrictors on all shower outlets.

Lubricate circulating pumps on a quarterly basis.

Contact Energy Consultant for Additional Information:

Northwest Natural Gas Co.

220 NW 2nd Avenue

Portland, OR 97209.

(503) 226-4211

Because you will encounter a number of terms that assume knowledge of metrics, in fact you have already encountered the idea of megawatts, please review the table that follows for the metric meaning of "how much" we are talking about. If you were offered the following choices which would you take?

_______megadollar or _______kilodollar?

_______hectodollar or _______centidollar?

_______dekadollar or _______decidollar?

Check the table that follows to see how you did.

So, would you like a megadollar _____ or a picodollar ______?

1. How many calories are derived from:

1 gm of protein _________ Cal.

1 gm of carbohydrates _________Cal.

1 gm of fat _________ Cal.

___ Second Law of Thermodynamics

___ First Law of Thermodynamics

___ The amount of energy needed to "stay alive"

___ Kilocalorie

___ Therm

___ Kilowatt Hour

___ British Thermal Unit

___ calorie

a. The amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water 1o Centigrade

b. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

c. An energy unit equal to the amount of heat required to raise one pound (LB) of water one degree Fahrenheit (59-60 o )

d. Energy cannot be created or destroyed

e. Transfer of energy always results in a loss (heat)

f. The amount of energy required to heat 1000 grams of water 1o C.

g. A unit of gas containing 100,000 BTUs

h. An electrical energy unit equal to 3413 BTUs

1. ___ Sixteen pounds of grain fed to cattle will result in sixteen pounds of "beef".

2. ___ The human body is more efficient than a steam turbine or fuel cell.

____ BTU

____ Calorie (kilocalorie)

____ calorie

____ Therm